{"id":11910,"date":"2025-03-24T15:47:57","date_gmt":"2025-03-24T19:47:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lammuseum.wfu.edu\/?page_id=11910"},"modified":"2025-06-06T10:51:16","modified_gmt":"2025-06-06T14:51:16","slug":"beyond-drumming-african-musical-instruments","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/lammuseum.wfu.edu\/exhibits\/virtual\/beyond-drumming-african-musical-instruments\/","title":{"rendered":"Beyond Drumming: African Musical Instruments"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"269\" src=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/Beyond-Drumming-Title-Panel-1024x269.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11911\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/Beyond-Drumming-Title-Panel-1024x269.png 1024w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/Beyond-Drumming-Title-Panel-300x79.png 300w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/Beyond-Drumming-Title-Panel-768x202.png 768w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/Beyond-Drumming-Title-Panel-1536x403.png 1536w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/Beyond-Drumming-Title-Panel-2048x538.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A Cornucopia of Sounds<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Africa is home to instruments of every family. Stringed instruments such as the plucked West African <em>kora<\/em>, the bowed Ugandan <em>endingidi<\/em>, and the South African musical bow, provide an array of melodic options, as do a variety of wooden xylophones. <em>Mbira<\/em>, instruments sounded by plucking small metal lamellae, are emblematic of the southern range of the continent. Shakers and rattles, both worn for dancing and played separately, are found across the continent; some are made with natural materials, such as seeds and gourds, while others are made of metal. Flutes and horns, the latter associated with hunting traditions, round out the category of blown instruments. Each of these instruments has its own historical associations and roles. Finally, instruments imported and adapted from other places in recent centuries have played central roles in African music-making. European brass instruments that once occupied colonizing forces were repurposed into local wind band and jazz traditions, while electric guitars have formed the backbone of African popular sounds for over half a century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Though some of these instruments have become popular outside of Africa\u2014<em>shekere<\/em>, for example, are used in the North Carolina elementary music education curriculum\u2014many others are largely unnoticed outside of their communities in diaspora. This exhibit highlights many of these other instrument types. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This exhibit was curated by the students&nbsp;in Dr. Elizabeth Clendinning&#8217;s course &#8220;Introduction to the Music of World Cultures.\u201d It was on display from January 23, 2024 to January 25, 2025.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Beyond Drumming exhibit video\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/3yhdY-wOjbE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignwide has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading alignwide has-text-align-left\">Explore the Objects in this Section<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Slit-Drum-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Log with two holes forming a slit drum\" class=\"wp-image-11913\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Slit-Drum-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Slit-Drum-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Slit-Drum-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Slit-Drum-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Slit-Drum-2048x1152.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p><strong>Slit Drum<\/strong><br>Igbo, Nigeria<br><em>#2006.06.E.07&nbsp; \u25cf &nbsp;Written by Carolina Gonzalez Gutierrez<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The&nbsp;<em>ekwe<\/em>, or slit drum, is a percussion instrument used in Igbo musical traditions. It is made from a hollowed-out tree trunk and is played with wooden beaters struck around the rectangular openings. By changing the position of the strike relative to the opening, the player changes the pitch. This&nbsp;<em>ekwe<\/em>&nbsp;was brought to Winston-Salem by Dr. Stanley P. Bohrer, who collected hundreds of traditional cultural objects while teaching at the University of Ibadan. Many of the objects he collected are now part of the Nigerian National Museum.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignwide has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Kora-576x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Upright stringed instrument\" class=\"wp-image-11916\" style=\"width:225px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Kora-576x1024.jpg 576w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Kora-169x300.jpg 169w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Kora-768x1366.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Kora-864x1536.jpg 864w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Kora-1152x2048.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Kora-scaled.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p><strong>Lute<\/strong><br>Mandinka, Mali<br><em>#2023.12.E.176.A-B<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <em>kora<\/em> is a stringed instrument played throughout West Africa by traditional musicians, poets, and storytellers called <em>jali<\/em> or griots. The instrument is played by plucking its 21 strings with the thumb and index finger of both hands, allowing four notes to be played at the same time. The sound resonates in a skin-covered calabash gourd. This construction technique is similar to the American banjo, suggesting that the <em>kora<\/em> was an early influence in American music.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignwide has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-5 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Rattle-San-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"White cocoons on a string\" class=\"wp-image-11920\" style=\"object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Rattle-San-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Rattle-San-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Rattle-San-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Rattle-San-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Rattle-San-2048x1152.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p><strong>Rattle<\/strong><br>San, Botswana<br><em>#1990.01.E.04\u00a0 \u25cf \u00a0Written by Haley Xu<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Any rattling object can be turned into an idiophone-type instrument. This dance rattle, for example, is made from 39 segments of moth cocoons! The cocoons have been filled with seeds and sewn together by two fiber ropes to create a belt. Dancers tie the rattles around their legs and dance to produce a rhythm. San dancing can often have healing purposes in community gatherings and rituals. Community healing is one example of the egalitarian values found in the San culture.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignwide has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-6 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Rattle-Yoruba-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Dried gourd surrounded by netting with seed beads attached\" class=\"wp-image-11922\" style=\"object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Rattle-Yoruba-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Rattle-Yoruba-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Rattle-Yoruba-170x170.jpg 170w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Rattle-Yoruba-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Rattle-Yoruba-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Rattle-Yoruba-2048x2048.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p><strong>Rattle<\/strong><br>Yoruba, Nigeria<br><em>#2010.04.E.17&nbsp; \u25cf &nbsp;Written by Jaden Barbier<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This percussion instrument is made of a hollow gourd and a net of seeds. Though it originates in West Africa, it is also found in North and South America. <em>Shekeres<\/em> play several roles in traditional African music, such as keeping time, and are used in religious ceremonies on both sides of the Atlantic. They are often used in elementary and middle school music education in the United States, including here in Winston-Salem, because of their cultural relevance and simple playing technique.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignwide has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Rattle-Cameroon-683x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Rattle with exterior resembling a cone shaped basket\" class=\"wp-image-11926\" style=\"width:200px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Rattle-Cameroon-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Rattle-Cameroon-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Rattle-Cameroon-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Rattle-Cameroon-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Rattle-Cameroon-1365x2048.jpg 1365w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Rattle-Cameroon-scaled.jpg 1706w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p><strong>Rattle<\/strong><br>Bamileke, Cameroon<br><em>#2001.10.E.72&nbsp; \u25cf &nbsp;Written by Mackenzie Hart<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This instrument is essentially a basket filled with nut shells. The maker twisted the vertical stakes to enclose rattling shells and provide a handle. This particular object is used in dances and is a well-known cultural symbol of the Bamileke, one of the largest ethnic groups in Cameroon. Rattles are used to accompany singing or accentuate dancing when celebrating life events.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignwide has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Zither-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Zither made out of reeds\" class=\"wp-image-11928\" style=\"object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Zither-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Zither-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Zither-170x170.jpg 170w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Zither-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Zither-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Zither-2048x2048.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p><strong>Zither<\/strong><br>Igbo, Nigeria<br><em>#2008.06.E.14&nbsp; \u25cf &nbsp;Written by Gus Trombold<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This <em>yomkwo<\/em> is constructed from dried grass, reeds, and seeds. It is classified as a chordophone, meaning the sound is produced by plucking the stretched grass strings. However, it also contains a hollow pocket with dried seeds to serve as a percussion shaker. The Igbo culture\u2019s unique approach to non-hierarchical social organization and lack of a strict class for musicians enables the <em>yomkwo<\/em> to be an instrument for everyone. But as the place of traditional music has receded in Nigerian culture, so too has this zither\u2019s prevalence.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignwide has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Slit-Drum-2-576x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Slit drum with human head\" class=\"wp-image-11930\" style=\"width:200px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Slit-Drum-2-576x1024.jpg 576w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Slit-Drum-2-169x300.jpg 169w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Slit-Drum-2-768x1366.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Slit-Drum-2-864x1536.jpg 864w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Slit-Drum-2-1151x2048.jpg 1151w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Slit-Drum-2-scaled.jpg 1439w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p><strong>Slit Drum<\/strong><br>Yaka, Democratic Republic of the Congo<br><em>#1987.01.E.05&nbsp; \u25cf &nbsp;Written by Yujing Qu<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yaka slit drums are made with a hardwood base which allows for sculptural finishes, such as this vivid human head. It likely symbolizes a bridge connecting one\u2019s body with their spirit. Primarily, these drums are used in Yaka divination ceremonies, as containers for medicines in healing rites, and as accompaniment for ritual dances. The drum is played to produce two different pitches.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignwide has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-10 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"678\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Thumb-Piano-Kuba-678x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Wooden block with metal tines\" class=\"wp-image-11933\" style=\"width:200px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Thumb-Piano-Kuba-678x1024.jpg 678w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Thumb-Piano-Kuba-199x300.jpg 199w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Thumb-Piano-Kuba-768x1160.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Thumb-Piano-Kuba-1017x1536.jpg 1017w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Thumb-Piano-Kuba-1356x2048.jpg 1356w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Thumb-Piano-Kuba-scaled.jpg 1695w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 678px) 100vw, 678px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p><strong>Thumb Piano<\/strong><br>Kuba, Democratic Republic of the Congo<br><em>#1986.04.E.027&nbsp; \u25cf &nbsp;Written by Brighid Biehl<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1939, Ida Black went to the Kuba kingdom on a mission trip where she witnessed the crowning of the new king and collected this thumb piano. Thumb pianos in the Kuba culture are played for both the living and the ancestors. While some <em>sanza<\/em> are ornately decorated, this example is relatively simple. Traditional religious music has declined with the influence of missionaries, so older instruments like this one are now used as teaching tools for Kuba history and culture.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignwide has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-11 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Flute-2-576x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Flute with bulbous mouthpiece\" class=\"wp-image-11936\" style=\"width:200px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Flute-2-576x1024.jpg 576w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Flute-2-169x300.jpg 169w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Flute-2-768x1365.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Flute-2-864x1536.jpg 864w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Flute-2-1152x2048.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Flute-2-scaled.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p><strong>Flute<\/strong><br>Kuba, Democratic Republic of the Congo<br><em>#1997.06.E.058<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A tapering tube topped by a bulbous mouthpiece and a single finger hole is a typical shape for a flute in Central Africa. Similar to a whistle, flutes are aerophones, meaning that the sound is produced by vibrating air forced through the instrument. The musician covers and uncovers the hole to alter the pitch as they play, allowing them to mimic speech patterns and \u201csing\u201d as an accompaniment to drums.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignwide has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-12 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Flute-1-576x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Flute with incised decorations\" class=\"wp-image-11938\" style=\"width:200px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Flute-1-576x1024.jpg 576w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Flute-1-169x300.jpg 169w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Flute-1-768x1366.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Flute-1-864x1536.jpg 864w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Flute-1-1152x2048.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Flute-1.jpg 1289w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p><strong>Flute<\/strong><br>Yoruba, Nigeria <br><em>#2008.06.E.16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <em>oja <\/em>is an end-blown flute with two holes set perpendicular to the barrel. It produces a high-pitched sound that varies based on the size of the instrument\u2014this example is relatively small and produces a higher note. Though it was made by a Yoruba instrument-maker, similar flutes are made in other cultures throughout Nigeria. Traditionally, <em>oja <\/em>music was performed for fun, but today it mostly exists as ceremonial music when it accompanies drumming, dancing, or chanting.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignwide has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-13 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Oboe-576x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Two oboes with wood bodies and metal disc shaped mouthpieces holding reeds\" class=\"wp-image-11940\" style=\"width:200px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Oboe-576x1024.jpg 576w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Oboe-169x300.jpg 169w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Oboe-768x1365.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Oboe-864x1536.jpg 864w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Oboe-1152x2048.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/African-Oboe-scaled.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p><strong>Oboes<\/strong><br>Hausa, Nigeria<br><em>#2015.01.E.17&nbsp; \u25cf &nbsp;Written by Mia Schoenbeck<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <em>algaita<\/em> is an ancient instrument of the Hausa and Kanuri people in Nigeria. It is classified as a double reed wind instrument, meaning that the sound is produced by blowing through two vibrating pieces of cut reed. Musicians can use circular breathing techniques to play a continuous droning sound. It is traditionally used in ceremonies for local dignitaries and rulers, but it is also used to add a haunting and hypnotic edge to music today, including jazz music.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignwide has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-14 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Explore the Other Sections of this Exhibit<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-15 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-style-wfu-gray-pattern-bgrd is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/Drums-Section-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Drums on exhibit\" class=\"wp-image-11942\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/Drums-Section-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/Drums-Section-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/Drums-Section-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/Drums-Section-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/Drums-Section-2048x1152.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/lammuseum.wfu.edu\/exhibits\/virtual\/beyond-drumming-african-musical-instruments\/drums-an-african-musical-icon\/\">Drums: An African Musical Icon<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-style-wfu-gray-pattern-bgrd is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/American-Section-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"instruments in a display case\" class=\"wp-image-11944\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/American-Section-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/American-Section-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/American-Section-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/American-Section-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/prod.wp.cdn.aws.wfu.edu\/sites\/417\/2025\/03\/American-Section-2048x1152.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/lammuseum.wfu.edu\/exhibits\/virtual\/beyond-drumming-african-musical-instruments\/african-instruments-american-identities\/\">African Instruments, American Identities<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A Cornucopia of Sounds Africa is home to instruments of every family. Stringed instruments such as the plucked West African kora, the bowed Ugandan endingidi, and the South African musical bow, provide an array of melodic options, as do a variety of wooden xylophones. Mbira, [&#8230;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":201,"featured_media":0,"parent":31,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"overlay_title":false,"hide_featured_image_post":false,"wfu_hide_page_title":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-11910","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Beyond Drumming: African Musical Instruments - Timothy S. Y. Lam Museum of Anthropology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Africa is home to instruments of every family. This virtual exhibit discusses the variety of African musical instruments.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lammuseum.wfu.edu\/exhibits\/virtual\/beyond-drumming-african-musical-instruments\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Beyond Drumming: African Musical Instruments - Timothy S. Y. Lam Museum of Anthropology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Africa is home to instruments of every family. This virtual exhibit discusses the variety of African musical instruments.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/lammuseum.wfu.edu\/exhibits\/virtual\/beyond-drumming-african-musical-instruments\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Timothy S. Y. 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